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Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Inc. It was originally created in by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then, the software has become the industry standard not only in raster graphics editing, but in digital art as a whole.

The software’s name is often colloquially used as a verb e. In addition to raster graphics, Photoshop has limited abilities to edit or render text and vector graphics especially through clipping path for the latter , as well as 3D graphics and video. Its feature set can be expanded by plug-ins ; programs developed and distributed independently of Photoshop that run inside it and offer new or enhanced features. Photoshop’s naming scheme was initially based on version numbers.

However, in October following the introduction of Creative Suite branding , each new version of Photoshop was designated with ” CS ” plus a number; e. With the introduction of the Creative Cloud branding in June and in turn, the change of the ” CS ” suffix to ” CC ” , Photoshop’s licensing scheme was changed to that of software as a service subscription model.

As of November , Adobe has also released a full version of Photoshop for the iPad , and while initially limited, Adobe plans to bring more features to Photoshop for iPad. Photoshop was developed in by two brothers Thomas and John Knoll , who sold the distribution license to Adobe Systems Incorporated in Thomas Knoll, a Ph. Thomas took a six-month break from his studies in to collaborate with his brother on the program. Thomas renamed the program ImagePro, but the name was already taken.

During this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave a demonstration of the program to engineers at Apple and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe. Both showings were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase the license to distribute in September Photoshop 1. The handling of color slowly improved with each release from Adobe and Photoshop quickly became the industry standard in digital color editing.

At the time Photoshop 1. The list price of Photoshop 1. Photoshop was initially only available on Macintosh. The Windows port led to Photoshop reaching a wider mass market audience as Microsoft ‘s global reach expanded within the next few years. Photoshop files have default file extension as. PSD , which stands for ” P hoto s hop D ocument”. This is in contrast to many other file formats e.

JPG or. GIF that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality. A PSD file has a maximum height and width of 30, pixels, and a length limit of two gigabytes. These formats are required to use the file in publications or on the web. Photoshop can also create and use files with the extension.

PSB, which stands for “Photoshop Big” also known as “large document format”. The dimension limit was apparently chosen arbitrarily by Adobe, not based on computer arithmetic constraints it is not close to a power of two, as is 30, but for ease of software testing.

Photoshop functionality can be extended by add-on programs called Photoshop plugins or plug-ins. Adobe creates some plugins, such as Adobe Camera Raw, but third-party companies develop most plugins, according to Adobe’s specifications. Some are free and some are commercial software. Most plugins work with only Photoshop or Photoshop-compatible hosts, but a few can also be run as standalone applications.

There are various types of plugins, such as filter, export, import, selection, color correction, and automation. The most popular plugins are the filter plugins also known as a 8bf plugins , available under the Filter menu in Photoshop. Filter plugins can either modify the current image or create content.

Below are some popular types of plugins, and some well-known companies associated with them:. Adobe Camera Raw also known as ACR and Camera Raw is a special plugin, supplied free by Adobe, used primarily to read and process raw image files so that the resulting images can be processed by Photoshop. Upon loading Photoshop, a sidebar with a variety of tools with multiple image-editing functions appears to the left of the screen.

These tools typically fall under the categories of drawing ; painting ; measuring and navigation ; selection ; typing ; and retouching. These can be expanded to reveal similar tools. In some newer versions hovering along the tools gives a small Video glimpse of the tool. Photoshop includes a few versions of the pen tool. The pen tool creates precise paths that can be manipulated using anchor points.

The free form pen tool allows the user to draw paths freehand, and with the magnetic pen tool, the drawn path attaches closely to outlines of objects in an image, which is useful for isolating them from a background. The Clone Stamp tool duplicates one part of an image to another part of the same image by way of a brush. The duplication is either in full or in part depending on the mode.

The user can also clone part of one layer to another layer. The Clone Stamp tool is useful for duplicating objects or removing a defect in an image. Photoshop provides an array of shape tools including rectangles, rounded rectangles, ellipses, polygons and lines. These shapes can be manipulated by the pen tool, direct selection tool etc.

In addition, Photoshop provides its own shapes like animals, signs and plants. The eyedropper tool selects a color from an area of the image that is clicked, and samples it for future use. Selection tools are used to select all or any part of a picture to perform cut, copy, edit, or retouching operations. The crop tool can be used to select a particular area of an image and discard the portions outside the chosen section. This tool assists in creating a focus point on an image and unnecessary or excess space.

The crop tool is in the tools palette, which is located on the right side of the document. By placing the cursor over the image, the user can drag the cursor to the desired area.

Once the Enter key is pressed, the area outside the rectangle will be cropped. The area outside the rectangle is the discarded data, which allows for the file size to be decreased. The slice and slice select tools, like the crop tool, are used in isolating parts of images. The slice tool can be used to divide an image into different sections, and these separate parts can be used as pieces of a web page design once HTML and CSS are applied. The move tool can be used to drag the entirety of a single layer or more if they are selected.

Alternatively, once an area of an image is highlighted, the move tool can be used to manually relocate the selected piece to anywhere on the canvas. The marquee is a tool that can make selections that are a single row, single column, rectangular and elliptical. This tool can also crop an image; it allows for better control. In contrast to the crop tool, the marquee tool allows for more adjustments to the selected area before cropping. The only marquee tool that does not allow cropping is the elliptical.

Although the single row and column marquee tools allow for cropping, they are not ideal, because they only crop a line. The rectangular marquee tool is the preferred option. Once the tool has been selected, dragging the tool across the desired area will select it.

The selected area will be outlined by dotted lines, referred to as “marching ants”. To set a specific size or ratio, the tool options bar provides these settings. Before selecting an area, the desired size or ratio must be set by adjusting the width and height. Any changes such as color, filters, location, etc.

To crop the selection, the user must go to the image tab and select crop. The lasso tool is similar to the marquee tool, however, the user can make a custom selection by drawing it freehand. The regular lasso tool allows the user to have drawing capabilities. Photoshop will complete the selection once the mouse button is released.

The user may also complete the selection by connecting the end point to the starting point. The “marching ants” will indicate if a selection has been made. The polygonal lasso tool will draw only straight lines, which makes it an ideal choice for images with many straight lines. Unlike the regular lasso tool, the user must continually click around the image to outline the shape.

To complete the selection, the user must connect the end point to the starting point just like the regular lasso tool. Magnetic lasso tool are considered the smart tool. It can do the same as the other two, but it can also detect the edges of an image once the user selects a starting point.

It detects by examining the color pixels as the cursor moves over the desired area. Closing the selection is the same as the other two, which should also should display the “marching ants” once the selection has been closed. The quick selection tool selects areas based on edges, similarly to the magnetic lasso tool. The difference between this tool and the lasso tool is that there is no starting and ending point. For this reason, the selected area can be added onto as much as possible without starting over.

By dragging the cursor over the desired area, the quick selection tool detects the edges of the image. The “marching ants” allow the user to know what is currently being selected. Once the user is done, the selected area can be edited without affecting the rest of the image.

One of the features that makes this tool especially user friendly is that the SHIFT key is not needed to add more to the selection; by default, extra mouse clicks will be added to the selection rather than creating a new selection. The magic wand tool selects areas based on pixels of similar values.

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Kitchenette microwave, toaster, kettle ,minibar,t. Can accommodate four peoples 2 double beds. Situated in full town center close to restaurants, Each piece is handmade and unique, and cannot be exactly replicated. Slight variation may occur compared to the pictures.

Follow me finding. Earrings purchased are strictly non-exchangeable and non-refundable. Artists Premium is an artistic and event agency specializing in artistic production and organization of shows. Our agency has a catalog of music bands and professional artists from authentic gospel in the African American style, reggae, jazz, soul, Pop, dance Gospel choir for concerts, weddings, and other events June 09, You are organizing an event and you want to listen to the real gospel?

Afro-American gospel: authentic gospel? You are at the right place! Your Gospel Team is a gospel choir, the first one in Switzerland, specialized in the animation of the weddings, concerts, The machine is in good working order.

Detailed photos available on request. Perhaps you’d like to talk Very beautiful house “le Clos du chat tambour”, of m2 with basement, for sale on the Alabaster coast in Seine Maritime This house with a garden of m2, benefits from an exceptional location, quiet, 3km from the sea and 7 km from the city center Sell a living room coffee table made of exotic solid wood.

This semi-precious wooden coffee table “Courbaril” was brought back from French Guiana in It is in very good condition and very rare, not to say not to be found in metropolitan France and even We also do tutoring from CP primary to baccalaureat’s grade.

We remain at your disposal. Flash was a two-part system, a graphics and animation editor known as Macromedia Flash, and a player known as Macromedia Flash Player. FutureSplash Animator was an animation tool originally developed for pen-based computing devices. Due to the small size of the FutureSplash Viewer , it was particularly suited for download on the Web. Macromedia distributed Flash Player as a free browser plugin in order to quickly gain market share.

Macromedia upgraded the Flash system between and adding MovieClips, Actions the precursor to ActionScript , Alpha transparency, and other features. As Flash matured, Macromedia’s focus shifted from marketing it as a graphics and media tool to promoting it as a Web application platform, adding scripting and data access capabilities to the player while attempting to retain its small footprint.

In , the first major version of ActionScript was developed, and released with Flash 5. Actionscript 2. The last version of Flash released by Macromedia was Flash 8 , which focused on graphical upgrades such as filters blur, drop shadow, etc.

It introduced the ActionScript 3. Adobe Flex Builder built on Eclipse targeted the enterprise application development market, and was also released the same year.

Flash 10 improved animation capabilities within the Flash editor, adding a motion editor panel similar to Adobe After Effects , inverse kinematics bones , basic 3D object animation, object-based animation, and other text and graphics features. Flash Player 10 included an in-built 3D engine without GPU acceleration that allowed basic object transformations in 3D space position, rotation, scaling.

With AIR, developers could access the file system the user’s files and folders , and connected devices such as a joystick, gamepad, and sensors for the first time.

In May , Adobe announced that Adobe AIR was used in over , unique applications and had over 1 billion installations logged worldwide. Adobe has taken steps to reduce or eliminate Flash licensing costs. For instance, the SWF file format documentation is provided free of charge [50] after they relaxed the requirement of accepting a non-disclosure agreement to view it in Adobe has not been willing to make complete source code of the Flash Player available for free software development and even though free and open source alternatives such as Shumway and Gnash have been built, they are no longer under active development.

On May 1, , Adobe announced the Open Screen Project , with the intent of providing a consistent application interface across devices such as personal computers, mobile devices , and consumer electronics. One of Flash’s primary uses on the Internet when it was first released was for building fully immersive, interactive websites. These were typically highly creative site designs that provided more flexibility over what the current HTML standards could provide as well as operate over dial-up connections.

Fully Flash-run sites fell out of favor for more strategic use of Flash plugins for video and other interactive features among standard HTML conventions, corresponding with the availability of HTML features like cascading style-sheets in the mid’s.

Fifteen years later, WAP had largely been replaced by full-capability implementations and the HTML5 standard included more support for interactive and video elements. Support for Flash in these mobile browsers was not included. In , Apple ‘s Steve Jobs famously wrote Thoughts on Flash , an open letter to Adobe criticizing the closed nature of the Flash platform and the inherent security problems with the application to explain why Flash was not supported on iOS.

While Adobe eventually won, allowing for other third-party development environments to get access to the iOS, Apple’s decision to block Flash itself was considered the “death blow” to the Flash application. In , Adobe ended support for Flash on Android. With Flash’s EOL announced, many browsers took steps to gradually restrict Flash content caution users before launching it, eventually blocking all content without an option to play it.

By January , all major browsers were blocking all Flash content unconditionally. Only IE11 , niche browser forks, and some browsers built for China plan to continue support.

Furthermore, excluding the China variant of Flash, Flash execution software has a built-in kill switch which prevents it from playing Flash after January 12, Adobe Flash will still be supported in China and worldwide on some specialized enterprise platforms beyond As early as , around the same time that Adobe began encouraging Flash developers to transition their works to HTML5 standards, others began efforts to preserve existing Flash content through emulation of Flash in open standards.

While some Flash applications were utilitarian, several applications had been shown to be experimental art, while others had laid the foundation of the independent video game development.

Google had developed the Swiffy application, released in , to convert Flash applications to HTML5-compatible scripts for viewing on mobile devices, but it was shut down in Closer to Flash’s EOL date in , there were more concentrated efforts simply to preserve existing Flash applications, including websites, video games, and animations beyond Flash’s EOL.

Flash source files are in the FLA format and contain graphics and animation, as well as embedded assets such as bitmap images, audio files, and FLV video files. The Flash source file format was a proprietary format and Adobe Animate and Adobe Flash Pro were the only available authoring tools capable of editing such files. Flash source files. Note that FLA files can be edited, but output. Flash Video files [spec 1] have a. The use of vector graphics combined with program code allows Flash files to be smaller—and thus allows streams to use less bandwidth —than the corresponding bitmaps or video clips.

For content in a single format such as just text, video, or audio , other alternatives may provide better performance and consume less CPU power than the corresponding Flash movie, for example, when using transparency or making large screen updates such as photographic or text fades. In addition to a vector-rendering engine, the Flash Player includes a virtual machine called the ActionScript Virtual Machine AVM for scripting interactivity at run-time, with video, MP3-based audio, and bitmap graphics.

Virtually all browser plugins for video are free of charge and cross-platform, including Adobe’s offering of Flash Video, which was introduced with Flash version 6.

Flash Video had been a popular choice for websites due to the large installed user base and programmability of Flash. In , Apple publicly criticized Adobe Flash, including its implementation of video playback for not taking advantage of hardware acceleration, one reason Flash was not to be found on Apple’s mobile devices.

Soon after Apple’s criticism, Adobe demoed and released a beta version of Flash Flash Flash Player supports two distinct modes of video playback, and hardware accelerated video decoding may not be used for older video content. Such content causes excessive CPU usage compared to comparable content played with other players. Flash allows sample rates of 11, 22 and Adobe Flash Player Flash Player Flash programs use ActionScript programming language.

It is an enhanced superset of the ECMAScript programming language, with a classical Java -style class model, rather than JavaScript ‘s prototype model.

Several developers quickly created a C library for producing SWF. Macromedia also hired Middlesoft to create a freely available developers’ kit for the SWF file format versions 3 to 5. Macromedia made the Flash Files specifications for versions 6 and later available only under a non-disclosure agreement , but they are widely available from various sites. In April , the Flash SWF file format specification was released with details on the then newest version format Flash 8.

Although still lacking specific information on the incorporated video compression formats On2, Sorenson Spark, etc. The file format specification document is offered only to developers who agree to a license agreement that permits them to use the specifications only to develop programs that can export to the Flash file format. The license does not allow the use of the specifications to create programs that can be used for playback of Flash files.

The Flash 9 specification was made available under similar restrictions. Previously, developers could not use the specification for making SWF-compatible players, but only for making SWF-exporting authoring software. The specification still omits information on codecs such as Sorenson Spark , however.

The Adobe Animate authoring program is primarily used to design graphics and animation and publish the same for websites, web applications, and video games. The program also offers limited support for audio and video embedding and ActionScript scripting. Adobe released Adobe LiveMotion , designed to create interactive animation content and export it to a variety of formats, including SWF.

LiveMotion failed to gain any notable user base. In February , Macromedia purchased Presedia, which had developed a Flash authoring tool that automatically converted PowerPoint files into Flash. Macromedia subsequently released the new product as Breeze, which included many new enhancements.

Various free and commercial software packages can output animations into the Flash SWF format including:. The Flash 4 Linux project was an initiative to develop an open source Linux application as an alternative to Adobe Animate. Development plans included authoring capacity for 2D animation, and tweening , as well as outputting SWF file formats. UIRA intended to combine the resources and knowledge of the F4L project and the Qflash project, both of which were Open Source applications that aimed to provide an alternative to the proprietary Adobe Flash.

Adobe provides a series of tools to develop software applications and video games for Flash:. Third-party development tools have been created to assist developers in creating software applications and video games with Flash. Adobe Flash Player is the multimedia and application player originally developed by Macromedia and acquired by Adobe Systems.

Scaleform GFx is a game development middleware solution that helps create graphical user interfaces or HUDs within 3D video games. It does not work with web browsers. Lightspark supports OpenGL -based rendering for 3D content. The player is also compatible with H. Gnash aimed to create a software player and browser plugin replacement for the Adobe Flash Player. Shumway was an open source Flash Player released by Mozilla in November It was built in JavaScript and is thus compatible with modern web browsers.

In the same year that Shumway was abandoned, work began on Ruffle , a flash emulator written in Rust. Adobe Flash Player is currently only supported with the enterprise [1] [2] [4] and China [5] variants, it has been deprecated everywhere else.

The projector version is a standalone player that can open SWF files directly. Adobe Flash Player was previously available for a variety of mobile operating systems, including Android between versions 2. Flash Player for smartphones was originally made available to handset manufacturers at the end of However, Flash content can be made to run on iOS devices in a variety of ways:. The mobile version of Internet Explorer for Windows Phone cannot play Flash content; [] however, Flash support is still present on the tablet version of Windows.

Adobe Flash Lite is a lightweight version of Adobe Flash Player intended for mobile phones [] [ self-published source?

The only alternative is using HTML5 and responsive web design to build websites that support both desktop and mobile devices. Such games will not work in mobile web browsers but must be installed via the appropriate app store. The reliance on Adobe for decoding Flash makes its use on the World Wide Web a concern—the completeness of its public specifications are debated, and no complete implementation of Flash is publicly available in source code form with a license that permits reuse.

Generally, public specifications are what makes a format re-implementable see future proofing data storage , and reusable codebases can be ported to new platforms without the endorsement of the format creator.

However, despite efforts of projects like Gnash, Swfdec , and Lightspark , a complete free Flash player is yet to be seen, as of September For example, Gnash cannot use SWF v10 yet. Notable advocates of free software, open standards, and the World Wide Web have warned against the use of Flash:. The founder of Mozilla Europe , Tristan Nitot , stated in []. Companies building websites should beware of proprietary rich-media technologies like Adobe’s Flash and Microsoft’s Silverlight.

You’re producing content for your users and there’s someone in the middle deciding whether users should see your content. I believe very strongly, that we need to agree on some kind of baseline video format if [the video element] is going to succeed. Flash is today the baseline format on the web.

The problem with Flash is that it’s not an open standard. Representing the free software movement , Richard Stallman stated in a speech in that: [] “The use of Flash in websites is a major problem for our community. Flash content is usually embedded using the object or embed HTML element. Often, a plugin is required for the browser to fully implement these elements, though some users cannot or will not install it.

Since Flash can be used to produce content such as advertisements that some users find obnoxious or take a large amount of bandwidth to download, some web browsers, by default, do not play Flash content until the user clicks on it, e. Konqueror , K-Meleon. Most current browsers have a feature to block plugins, playing one only when the user clicks it.

Opera versions since Opera Turbo requires the user to click to play Flash content, and the browser also allows the user to enable this option permanently. Both Chrome [] and Firefox [] have an option to enable “click to play plugins”.

Equivalent “Flash blocker” extensions are also available for many popular browsers: Firefox has Flashblock and NoScript , Internet Explorer has Foxie, which contains a number of features, one of them named Flashblock.

For many years Adobe Flash Player’s security record [] has led many security experts to recommend against installing the player, or to block Flash content. Active moves by third parties to limit the risk began with Steve Jobs in saying that Apple would not allow Flash on the iPhone , iPod Touch , and iPad — citing abysmal security as one reason.

In July , a series of newly discovered vulnerabilities resulted in Facebook ‘s chief security officer, Alex Stamos , issuing a call to Adobe to discontinue the software entirely [] and the Mozilla Firefox web browser, Google Chrome , and Apple Safari to blacklist all earlier versions of Flash Player.

Flash cookies are not shared across domains. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Deprecated multimedia platform used to add animation and interactivity to websites. This article is about the multimedia software platform. For the player, see Adobe Flash Player.

Harman —present for enterprise users [1] [2] [3] [4] Zhongcheng —present in China [5] Adobe Inc. Main article: Rich web application. Main articles: List of Flash animated films and List of Flash animated television series. Main article: SWF. Main article: Stage3D. Main article: Flash Video. Main article: Adobe Animate. Main article: Comparison of vector graphics editors. Main article: Adobe AIR.

Main article: Adobe Flash Lite. Main article: OpenFL. See also: Vendor lock-in. Main article: Local shared object. Adobe Systems. Retrieved November 21, Harman International. Zhongcheng Network Technology Co. Retrieved January 17, Adobe Inc. July 25, Archived from the original on December 2, Retrieved July 1, Retrieved June 11, Smashing Magazine. Smashing 3D. June 15, Retrieved February 4, Adobe Flex 3. ISBN Data Visualization with Flash Builder.

Focal Press. O’Reilly Media, Inc. Game Informer. Retrieved February 3, Retrieved May 5, Windows Report – Error-free Tech Life. July 24, Retrieved June 18, Adobe Systems Inc. Archived from the original on February 4, Retrieved October 18, Retrieved February 12, Retrieved March 29, Archived from the original on May 16, Retrieved December 26, April 19, The New York Times.

ISSN Retrieved March 4, What’s New in Flash Player Ben Forta. May 9, It Just Changed Its Name”. Retrieved June 22,